The symptoms and signs of the both types include, first of all, attacks of thirst and, as a result, frequent urination. Also, lack of energy in human body can cause extreme hunger, but usually diabetic people do not gain weight. Finally, high level of sugar in blood and lack of sugar in body cells can cause problems with eyes and fatigue. People with type 2 diabetes usually have difficulties when healing sores and fighting with different infections.

In order not to develop diabetes, it is necessary to undertake the following preventive measures: (1) going in for sports and having not less than 30 minutes of physical activities every day (walking, jogging, swimming, riding a bike, etc.); (2) eating healthy food, mainly foods with low calories and fat, like vegetables, fruit, etc.; (3) keeping normal body weight by dieting and regular exercising; (4) controlling alcohol consumption, etc.

Treatment options embrace monitoring and recording the level of sugar in blood, as well as taking some medications and insulin therapy, which includes insulin injections or using insulin pump. Also, proper self-care can be an important element of treatment program, including taking care about own body, controlling blood pressure and level of cholesterol, living psychologically balanced and emotionally positive life, etc.

At the same time, there are also certain strategies for those people who suffer from high levels of stresses. Such methods include special mind and body relaxation programs (with the elements of tai shi, yoga and other oriental relaxation techniques), meditation, diaphragmatic breathing, therapeutic massage, cognitive and behavioral therapy, learning to focus on something else or something positive, learning to avoid stressors and control the situation, learning to adapt to the situation and accept the stressors, and so on.

In my opinion, trying not to focus on stressors and getting involved in some other activities are the most effective techniques of coping with moderate and long term stresses. The truth is: we can hardly eliminate or avoid the majority of stressors affecting us and our life (such as hard study, problems at work, illnesses and ailments, etc.). That is why focusing on something else, which is really interesting for me (like playing guitar), can divert my attention and thoughts from thinking about stressors and always works well for me.

Finally, some specialists offer self-talking as one of possible ways to cope with stresses. I tried to use this technique for combating moderate stresses and I found it the least effective strategy of stress management. Unfortunately, self-talking makes me think about the problem over and over again and does not help in looking for ways to suppress my negative emotions as a reaction on stressors. I think that talking to someone else can be much more effective for getting a new perspective on the situation and finding the ways out.

All factors or circumstances that cause stresses are called stressors. Currently, such aspects as family matters, health issues, money and problems at work are the most common stressors, which are usually associated with chronic stresses. Acute stresses can be caused by hunger, noise, crowd, infection, isolation and other factors. Also, there are internal and external stressors. Internal stressors include personal factors like a sickness, worry, anxiety and other psychological condition, etc. External stressors include all external aspects which cause stresses, such as problems at work, unsuccessful relationships, abuse, and so on.

The signs and symptoms of stresses vary depending on person’s psychology and sensitivity to stressful conditions. Light and moderate stresses usually cause increased heart rate, tension, anxiety, blood pressure changes, headaches, and so on. Strong acute stresses can have more harmful effects on our body and mind, such as dead faint, nervous breakdown, panic attacks, hysteria, and others. If the mentioned symptoms show for more than 2-3 weeks, it is necessary to seek professional help.

At the same time, chronic stresses always impact our overall health and well-being to a greater extent. The experts warn us of negative effects of such stresses, including risks of obesity, heart problems, anxiety disorders, depression, sleeplessness, etc. Chronic stresses can become a reason of continuous anxiety, chronic insomnia, phobias, stomachache, heartache, as well as make us more vulnerable to infections, colds and other diseases, increase our risks for having a heart attack or developing a personality disorder, and so on.

As acute stress management techniques, specialists recommend using  as relaxation, deep (diaphragmatic) breathing, hypnosis and others. For chronic stress reduction it is possible to use such effective treatments as cognitive behavioral therapy, séances of group meditation and yoga, self-hypnosis and positive thinking, therapeutic anti-stress massages and exercises, and so on. In our times, it is absolutely essential for everyone to master various stress management techniques and develop certain immunity to stressful conditions. Knowing how to cope with stresses and keep our emotions under control can help us to overcome difficulties, increase own productivity and efficiency, improve own self-discipline and be more focused, as well as achieve more of important goals in our life.

The process of diagnosing breast cancer includes several stages. Self-examination is the first stage that helps to detect possible signs of cancer. Usually, this technique comprises evaluation of the shape of the breasts, the texture of skin and manual examination of the tissues. It is recommended to have such examinations regularly starting from age 20. The next stage of the diagnosis is clinical examination of the breasts which is done by a doctor. Finally, for more thorough evaluation women can have such diagnostic procedures as mammography, biopsy, ultrasound, staging test or other medical tests.

Treatment of breast cancer depends on the type and stage of the disease. Such types of surgery as lumpectomy (removing the cancerous tissues and small area of normal tissue around), simple or segmental mastectomy (removing the whole breast), followed by a type of reconstructive surgery, is an effective treatment for the first stages of breast cancer. For later stages such treatment options as radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biological therapy (including Avastin, Tykerb, Herceptin and other medicines) or hormonal therapy (including Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators, etc.) are recommended.

Fortunately, medical experience and scientific developments of the last decades allow modern doctors to diagnose and treat the majority of breast cancer types rather effectively. Nevertheless, it is very important for every woman to do regular breast examinations in order to detect this disease on the earliest stages and receive medical help on time. Besides, in order to lower the risk of developing this disease, it is highly recommended to avoid smoking and drinking alcohol, as well as to lead a healthy life.

If some type of thickening, lumps or swelling, as well as changes in contour, size, or other changes in breasts were noticed, it is necessary to see the doctor for evaluation of the problem and making diagnosis. Certainly, some of these signs can be connected with pregnancy or menstrual cycle; therefore, they may not indicate breast cancer. However, various lumps and thickening remain the leading symptoms of this disease. Other signs include redness, retraction, indentation or other changes of the skin around the nipple, bloody or other types of discharges from the nipple, any changes of the skin texture over the breast, and so on.

Recently, medical specialists have been researching several possible causes that can possibly bring to breast cancer. The studies revealed that genetic factor has minimal influence on developing this disease. According to recent statistics publicized by Mayo Clinic, only 5-10% of women can inherit related genetic mutations that result in developing breast cancer. In addition, medical researches aimed on investigating the influence of environmental factor on the development of breast cancer still continue. However, it is scientifically proved that the women who were exposed to any chemical or radiation therapy have increased chances to develop breast cancer.

Sleep disorders can be caused by combinations of various factors. Those include, first of all, excessive anxiety and worry, stresses and other negative psychological conditions. Besides, excessive consumption of such chemicals as nicotine, caffeine or some stimulants can also cause sleep disorders. Such factors as back pains, neck pains, menstruation pains or other pains, obesity, high blood pressure, some illnesses can be reasons of problematic sleeping. Physical activities and eating before going to bed, working at night can result in sleep disorders, too. Finally, many people do not care about their sleeping environment and try to sleep on uncomfortable beds, in a light or noisy environment, etc.

Fortunately, modern medicine can offer a series of options for successful treatment of sleep disorders. Insomnia can be treated by medical (using sleeping pills, sedatives, melatonin, benzodiazepines and other medicines) and psychological (cognitive therapy, relaxation, meditation, aromatherapy, acupuncture, hypnotherapy, etc.) methods. Sleep apnea is usually treated by the method of continued positive airway pressure that helps to keep a person’s airway opened and ventilated during the sleep. Treatment of sleepwalking includes such measures as having benzodiazepines and antidepressants, self-hypnosis and anticipatory awakenings, creating safe and comfortable environment for sleeping, and so on.